# Demographics → Innovation Effort

| Model | Dep Var | N | Countries | R² |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1: Z → R&D/GDP | rd_expenditure_gdp | 827 | 47 | 0.293 |
| A3: Z → log(patents) | log_patents | 1,163 | 57 | -0.035 |
| A4: Z → patents/million | patents_per_million | 1,163 | 57 | 0.165 |
| A5: Z → hightech exports % | hightech_exports_share | 815 | 59 | 0.179 |
| A6: Z → scientific articles | scientific_articles | 1,542 | 59 | 0.200 |
| A7: age ratios → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 827 | 47 | 0.293 |
| A8: OECD Z → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 412 | 16 | 0.012 |
| A9: non-OECD Z → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 415 | 31 | 0.148 |
| A10: low Z → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 111 | 13 | 0.131 |
| A10: mid Z → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 207 | 19 | 0.081 |
| A10: high Z → R&D | rd_expenditure_gdp | 509 | 23 | 0.112 |

## Key Coefficients

| Model | Variable | Coef | SE | p-value | Sig |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1: Z → R&D/GDP | Z_1 | 1.7091 | 1.0913 | 0.1177 |  |
| A1: Z → R&D/GDP | Z_2 | -0.2685 | 0.1558 | 0.0852 | * |
| A1: Z → R&D/GDP | Z_3 | 0.0131 | 0.0062 | 0.0340 | ** |
| A3: Z → log(patents) | Z_1 | -6.9098 | 3.2132 | 0.0317 | ** |
| A3: Z → log(patents) | Z_2 | 1.1830 | 0.4786 | 0.0136 | ** |
| A3: Z → log(patents) | Z_3 | -0.0484 | 0.0195 | 0.0133 | ** |
| A4: Z → patents/million | Z_1 | -2234.5947 | 1196.5612 | 0.0621 | * |
| A4: Z → patents/million | Z_2 | 355.4201 | 178.2316 | 0.0464 | ** |
| A4: Z → patents/million | Z_3 | -13.9983 | 7.2627 | 0.0542 | * |
| A5: Z → hightech exports % | Z_1 | -75.2644 | 29.8131 | 0.0118 | ** |
| A5: Z → hightech exports % | Z_2 | 10.4690 | 4.2857 | 0.0148 | ** |
| A5: Z → hightech exports % | Z_3 | -0.3884 | 0.1698 | 0.0224 | ** |
| A6: Z → scientific articles | Z_1 | 21638.2201 | 13069.2103 | 0.0980 | * |
| A6: Z → scientific articles | Z_2 | -1967.5794 | 1916.4531 | 0.3047 |  |
| A6: Z → scientific articles | Z_3 | 75.0400 | 78.6365 | 0.3401 |  |
| A7: age ratios → R&D | old_dep | 5.3124 | 0.5799 | 0.0000 | *** |
| A7: age ratios → R&D | youth_dep | -0.7747 | 0.2934 | 0.0084 | *** |
| A8: OECD Z → R&D | Z_1 | -2.3556 | 3.1230 | 0.4511 |  |
| A8: OECD Z → R&D | Z_2 | 0.2585 | 0.4184 | 0.5370 |  |
| A8: OECD Z → R&D | Z_3 | -0.0058 | 0.0158 | 0.7117 |  |
| A9: non-OECD Z → R&D | Z_1 | 0.8755 | 0.8126 | 0.2819 |  |
| A9: non-OECD Z → R&D | Z_2 | -0.0995 | 0.1197 | 0.4063 |  |
| A9: non-OECD Z → R&D | Z_3 | 0.0033 | 0.0049 | 0.4986 |  |
| A10: low Z → R&D | Z_1 | -1.0859 | 1.4449 | 0.4540 |  |
| A10: low Z → R&D | Z_2 | 0.2936 | 0.2296 | 0.2038 |  |
| A10: low Z → R&D | Z_3 | -0.0160 | 0.0099 | 0.1092 |  |
| A10: mid Z → R&D | Z_1 | 2.1856 | 0.9647 | 0.0246 | ** |
| A10: mid Z → R&D | Z_2 | -0.2854 | 0.1425 | 0.0466 | ** |
| A10: mid Z → R&D | Z_3 | 0.0105 | 0.0058 | 0.0748 | * |
| A10: high Z → R&D | Z_1 | -0.0049 | 1.8976 | 0.9980 |  |
| A10: high Z → R&D | Z_2 | -0.0742 | 0.2537 | 0.7700 |  |
| A10: high Z → R&D | Z_3 | 0.0065 | 0.0097 | 0.5023 |  |

*Controls: rgdp_growth, kaopen*